President Nixons International and Domestic Challenges free essay sample

He said that it was time for a new leadership for the United States of America, and that new leadership was him. Nixon won in a very close election against Hubert Humphrey and promised to restore law and order to the nations cities. What everyone didnt know was that for him to achieve his future accomplishments, he would destroy the nations trust. A positive international challenge that Nixon was involved in was seeking better relations with China. Early in his first term, Nixon and his adviser, Henry Kissing, began sending subtle proposals hinting at warmer relations to the Peoples Republic f Chinas government.When both countries hinted at this, Kissing flew on secret diplomatic missions to Beijing and in July 1971, the President announced that he would visit the PRE the following year. This confused most Americans at the time because they believed that all communists countries were evil. When Nixon flew to China in February and he met with Mao Sedona. Onions visit included a vast shift in the Cold War balance. Putting the U. S. And China against the Soviet Union. Several months later, Nixon traveled to the U. S. S. R. And met with Leonie Brethren and other Soviet leaders.The result this trip was the signing of the Naturalistic Missile Treaty of 1972, The treaty restricted the number of Cubic each nation could manufacture and stockpile and it was part of SALT (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks). Onions visits to China was a triumph because it contained the Soviet Union from expanding and gaining power _ His visit to the was a diplomatic accomplishment because it improved relations with them. Nixon faced many international disputes during his presidency and some of them, he responded to negatively. Throughout the Vietnam War, President Nixon had sent a utter to President Ho Chi Mini stating that he believes the war has gone on to long and it needs to stop(Doc B). When the letter didnt work, the biggest international challenge for Nixon was how to end the Vietnam War. Nixon and Kissing both had a belief that they could end the war in six months, but they were proved wrong. In 1968, the same year Nixon was elected, there had been two huge events of the the burden of the Vietnam War and he asked the American citizens for their support(Doc D).Two months into his presidency, Nixon realized that there seemed to be no end in sight to the war. In 1969, Nixon ordered the secret bombing of Cambodia. The targets of these attacks were sanctuaries and base areas of the Peoples Army of Vietnam and forces of the Viet Gong, which used them for resurvey, training, and resting between campaigns across the border in the Republic of Vietnam. Onions purpose for the bombing raid was because the first had been unsuccessful. The purpose of the secrecy was to protect Shannon. The way Nixon responded with the secret bombing was negative.He never told America or the Congress about it and that led to the distrust of the American citizens. Environmental concerns were a challenge but Nixon responded to them positively. In Onions presidency, he started out opposing environmental laws. But then he realized that protecting the environment was popular and he saw it as a politically beneficial area. By the time of his resignation, he created more laws than any other president before him. In early 1970, President Nixon signed the legislation that became the National Environmental Policy Act. He announced it was the first symbolic act of the environmental decade. Between the years of 1970 and 1972, Nixon created the Environmental Protection Agency and signed laws including the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and the Marine Mammal Protection Act. Another thing he did was sign executive orders and international agreements on environmental issues. In early 1973, an international conference was held to discuss endangered species. The product of the conference was the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The U. S. Needed a new legislation to meet some of the agreements provisions and it led to the Endangered Species Act.In Onions State of the Union speech in 1973, he called for stronger wildlife protection. The results of these environmental laws and international agreements made the public extremely happy. Even though Onions intentions were selfish when he got involved in environmental concerns, he responded unquestionably positive. All his hard work helped pave the way for a cleaner society. In 1973, an oil crisis began when the members of the OPEC (consisting of the Arab members of OPEC, plus Egypt, Syria and Tunisia) proclaimed an oil embargo in response to the United States decision to resurvey the Israeli military during the Yon Kipper War.The embargo happened when 85% of American workers had to drive to work every day. President Nixon had to set the course of voluntary rationing. He reposed an extension of daylight savings time, had gas stations hold their sales to a Max of ten gallons per customer and a maximum speed limit of 50 miles per hour, and asked companies to trim down work hours(Doc H). The price at the pump rose from 30 cents a gallon to $1. 20(Doc C). Nixon also had Congress approve off Trans- Alaskan oil pipeline. Nixon responded to the recession the best way possible.The embargo was lifted on March 18, 1974. The downfall of Nixon was his worst domestic challenge. America found out about his scandals and it led to his resignation as president. The Watergate Scandal starts hen Nixon won the 1968 election, one of the closest elections in U. S. History. In 1970, Nixon approves a plan for a greatly expanding domestic intelligence gathering revokes his approval. Then in June of 1971, New York Times begins publishing the Pentagon Papers. The Pentagon Papers is about the Defense Departments secret history of the Vietnam War.In September of the same year, the White House plumbers unit burglarizes a psychiatrists office to find files on the former defense analyst who leaked the Pentagon Papers, Daniel Algebra. The White House plumbers unit got their name from their orders to plug leaks in the administration. The year of 1972 is a busy year. On June 17, five men were arrested trying to bug the Democrats offices at the Watergate hotel. The Washington Post reported many things that year. One was that a $25,000 check wound up in the bank account of a Watergate burglar.Another was that John Mitchell controlled a secret Republican fund used to finance widespread intelligence-gathering operations against Democrats. Nixon was reelected president in one of the largest landslides in U. S. History in 1972 against George McGovern. His inaugural address said that since he was elected in 1968, America has been better(Doc F). But the truth was, that in 1973, Nixon was turning out to be anything but great. In the beginning of 1973, former Nixon aides G. Gordon Lid and James W. McCormick. , convicted of wiretapping in the Watergate incident. Then, H.R. Hellman and John Reliance, and Attorney General Richard Slinkiest all resigned over the scandal. John Dean, a White House counsel, was fired. In May, Elliot Richardson taps Archibald Cox as the Justice Departments special prosecutor for Watergate. Later, in June, John Dean tells the Watergate investigators that he discussed the Watergate cover-up with Nixon at least 35 times and the Washington Post reports it. In July, Alexander Butterflies revealed in his congressional testimony that since 1971, President Nixon had recorded all conversations in his office.When the Senate asked Nixon for the tapes, he refused. On the Saturday Night Massacre, Nixon fired Archibald Cox and Elliot Richardson and William D. Recklessness resigned. When Nixon reluctantly agreed to hand over the tape, there was an 18 minute gap. Nixon kept giving them pieces of the tape when they asked for them(Doc G). He never Just handed over all the tapes. The Supreme Court ruled that Nixon must turn over the tape recordings. In 1974, the Washington Post reported that the inevitable was nearing(Doc l).

Short Story Writing for Qualitative Inquiry- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theShort Story Writingfor Qualitative Inquiry. Answer: Short story on as a white slave in the New York City As usual in the early morning, I have just started out not with the individuals who are in the search of enjoyment or to get entertained, but with the people who work for the whole day long for making their livelihood. Almost all age group people have been rushing in which girls of all age groups were there and there were the appearance and the hurrying of all the men and with whom I have gone along and combined with them as one in the crowd. Firstly, I use to wonder often at the stories of the poor payment and the type of cruel treatment that the working girls are going through (Giddings, 1985). For knowing the actual truth, there was only one way and I had the determination of trying it. So I myself have become the sales girl in the paper box factory. As per that I started to search for the work without having any kind of experience, or referrals or assistance (Berzon, 1978). The search for the job was really turned out to be tiresome at the least. The encounters were very discouraging and at the most infuriating. I have visited numerous factories that are located in and around the places of Bleecker and Grand Streets and the Sixth Avenue. At these places, the number of workers was found to be in the hundreds. The foremost question at the workplace that is posed by everyone is that do you have any experience on how to carry out the work. When the reply given by me was no I dont know how to do the work no further attention was paid by them to me. I urged stating, that Im ready to work with no payment until the time I get to learn the complete work. One of them stated that why would you work nothing! Why, if you had paid us for coming then we will not have you in the way of ours (March-Russell, 2016). The other answer was that an establishment is not run here for training the women in their job skills. This kind of response was received for me please to the work. Well, nobody is born with their own knowledge of work, so how can anybody learn without training? I asked (Burrows Wallace, 1998). They said that, the girls will anyways have some of the friends who want to learn. If at all if she is wishing to lose her time and money by taking training classes for her, then we dont have any kind of objection, because for us to get the work done the beginners will not do anything. But without any influence, it is not easy to get the entry into the bigger factories; so at last, I limited to give a try to the smaller ones at Elm Street No.196. It is because at the various other factories I have met the quite differently mean and the rough persons, but the man in this place was very polite. If you have not done this kind of work, then I dont think that you will like this work, he said. It is a very murky work and a girl should spend many years at this work before she can make a good amount of money. The beginners in our place are girls of 16 years of age and they wont get paid for even two weeks after they join here. What amount they can make later? The week work is sometimes started for them with the payment of dollars 1.0 per week. When they completely become capable, they will opt for the part-time work for which they will be paid in hundreds. I asked how much money is earned by them? A competent worker will be earning from the range of $ 5 to $ 9 per week. How many girls are working here? In the workplace, there are around 60 in number and some of them take the work to their home. It has been only a few months that I have come into this business said by that person, but if you think you are capable enough to give a try I will speak to my companion. He even had the few girls of 11 years of age. You can have the seat till I find him (Harris, 2017). He went outside to the office soon I have heard him talking about me to his partner outside, and rather he was pointing a view of giving a chance to me. Soon he returned to me with a short man who had the German accent. Without speaking anything he stood beside me, so I had to repeat my request to him. He then said, Well, at the desk you can give your name to the gentleman and return back on Monday morning, and then lets see what we can do for you (Culp, 1992). So the day has come and I started to the place in the early morning. I had worn a calico dress so that it will be suiting for the trade that is chosen by me and to work comfortably. A bundle was nicely packed covering it with the brown paper by keeping a dark spot on its center was my lunch. Every working girl used to carry the lunch as per my idea and in doing so I was trying hard to show up the impression as if Im very much used to such things. Certainly, I measured the lunch as the reflection of my thoughts on my new role and judged it with some pride, upon which it was mixed with the feeling of disappointment as the grease spot in the center was increasing in size gradually. As it was the timing I could notice all the girls were at work. I entered the office through the small wagon yard, which was the only entrance for the office. After giving many of my excuses to the person at the desk, he called one of the girls who was pretty and had the apron which was full of pasteboard and stated: Can you take this girl to Norah? The girl asked whether I was to work on boxes or the profusions. Inform Norah to put this girl on boxes. (Bates, 1972) I had followed my guide where I had to climb the darkest, most perpendicular, and the narrow staircase which I considered to be my bad luck to see all these. We were going on and on by passing through the small rooms which are totally filled with the young working girls till the last floor that is it was around the 4th or 5th floor where I had reached (Davis, 2006). By the time I reached there I was breathless. The pretty little guide informed Norah that this lady is to be put on boxes (Gu, 2017). All the girls who were working there by surrounding the long tables had instantly turned out towards me curiously. The girl Norah, who was in the boxes was with auburn hairstyle has turned towards me and replied: Look, if the gateway is down, and then show to her where the clothes are to be kept. Then the women out there gave an order to one of the girls to get a stool for her, and she has sat down in front of the table, upon which there was a bundle of pasteboard squares were kept which was labeled in the middle. Some long slips of the paper were spread on the table by Norah (White, 2012). Then a scrub brush was taken by her, which she dipped into the bucket consisting of paste and then dapped it onto the paper. Then one of the square boards of paper was taken by her and placed upon it by rubbing her thumb at the edges. Then one of the paper slip was taken by her and quickly kept it neatly over the corner with which she has bonded them together by holding them at one place. The extra paper which was hanging from the box was cut by her from all the corners. This at the end turned out to be a box lid. It looked like an easy process and in some time I was in a position to make one of such kind (Hanson, 2015). I did not find any difficulty in learning the work, but was rather displeasing. It is because the room was not properly ventilated and the stickiness of the paste and the glue all over the place was quite unpleasant (Young, 2015). Except for the girl who sat beside me, I was not in a position to see any other girl as it was not possible to have the conversation because of the piles of the boxes all over the table. A girl named Therese sat beside me. At first, she felt shy but as I went on asking questions she started getting comfortable and became more communicative (Streeby, 2002). I introduced myself saying that I stay with my parents on Eldrige Street and mother is sick most of the time and my father is a musician, but he will not play it on the streets but occasionally gets an assignment. My sister works in the passementerie where she earns up to 3 dollars to 5 dollars per week. Another sister of mine was doing the spooling of silk from five years on Twenty-Third Street. She earns 6 dollars per week. As she reaches home by night all her hair, face and hands will be colored with silk as she will be working with that all day long. This will make her sick so she will be taking medicine all the time (Shaw, 2014). Have you ever worked previously? I answered yes, as I used to work on Spring Street as passementerie. I used to work from 7 in the morning till 6 in the evening and use to earn 3.50 dollars per week. I had to leave due to the unkindness of the bosses and the major problem was there were only 3 small oil lamps at the workplace. The rooms used to be very dark, but they did not allow us to light the gas anytime. The women at the place used to come and take the work to home to do. I asked surprisingly, What else did you do after you left from there? Later I used to go to work on the Canal Street in Fringe factory. A woman used to run it and she was very unkind to all the girls and she does not know English. For a whole week she used to pay in between 8 to 6 dollars by giving only half an hour for dinner and at the end, she paid only 35 cents to me. Dont you know that how can a girl live with just 35 cents per week, so I had to leave? (Soderlund, 2002). Then I asked how the box factory is? Well, here the bosses appear to be kind. They wish me every morning, which I have never noticed at any working place and the good thing is that they have given a poor girl a good deal to work for two weeks for nothing. It has almost been two weeks Im working here and a great deal of work was done by me. The bosses have gained from my work. They even say that they will take off the girl after two weeks of her work by saying that she does not suit for the work. Later Im getting 1.50 dollar per week now. From the surrounding factories the whistles will blow in the 12 noon, then we can quit from our work and have lunch (Ellis, 2000). The girls in the workplace seem to be very happy. During the day while working they would enjoy the work by singing (Oliver Shapiro, 2006). The song will start on the second floor probably will be reaching each and every floor as it is taken as the succession till the time all wont sing the song. All the girls in the workplace are kind to each other. Even if they had quarrels, it would not last for a longer period of time. All were very good to me and would help me in my work to make it easy and pleasant. When I was able to make the entire box I felt very proud. Reflection The story which I have written, the theme is all about the working girls, those will be facing various kinds of problems and how do they struggle to make their livelihood. Coming to plot of my story, it is about a girl who would like to support her family by working and earning some money. She comes from a very poor background with a family consisting of a mother, father, and two sisters. She struggled a lot in getting a job and finally could succeed in grabbing the job at the paper box factory (McManus, 2001). All the girls who were accompanying her seem to be kind and were helping her to get the work and the workplace was made very pleasant with their active singing environment so that the stress wont be seen in them. What impress me about is that when she first decided to work she started her job search in the bigger factories which did not respond to her properly. (Gordon Kuehner, 1999). Rather, they would criticize her for not knowing the work. After making many searches she had then decided to even work for no salary for some period of time till she gets the work completely. But no individual or the workplace was agreeing to that scenario. Then she was in a dilemma that nobody will be born with all the work known to them by birth (Pratt, 1981). Only if given a chance then they can achieve to do so and can develop the skills to become competent. At the end, she made a decision that she would go to the job search at small level factories. Well up to this I have explained about long struggle and coming after this part. Here I have explained how she approached one place where she could meet a polite person, unlike at other workplaces and got all the details of the workplace and said that he can offer the work at that place after talking to my partner if she was ok with the conditions of the workplace. As it would not be that great and girls are facing difficulties were starting they cant earn much but later on, they can make to a good amount. For reaching to that much it would take a lot of time. But in spite of that, she was happy for the job so he spoke to his partner and asked her to leave the details with the person at the desk and get back to the place on Monday (Gilfoyle, 1994). One fine day she visited the place with a lunch box to show her dedicated interest towards the work and she was introduced to Norah by another girl in the workplace and she was given work on boxes. The work was taught to her by another woman as it was quite simple and easy to do. Then she got a very good friend named Therese, who helped her in knowing the place and the work culture and how to work easily. Later she was able to get the things, in no time and could make one entire box on her own. By this, she has achieved the goal of knowing the difficulties at workplace. I have tried to write a story which will motivate many other girls and its the other way to say not to give up because life goes on. References Bates, H. E. (1972). The modern short story: a critical survey. Writer. Berzon, J.R., (1978). Neither White Nor Black. The Mulatto Character in American Fiction. New York: New York UP, p.20. Burrows, E.G. and Wallace, M., (1998). Gotham: a history of New York City to 1898. Oxford University Press. Culp, J.M., (1992). Posner on Duncan Kennedy and Racial Difference: White Authority in the Legal Academy. Duke Law Journal, 41(5), pp.1095-1114. Davis, M. (2006). City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New Edition). Verso Books. Ellis, C. (2000). Creating criteria: An ethnographic short story. Qualitative Inquiry, 6(2), 273-277. Giddings, P., (1985). When and where I enter. Bantam Books. Gilfoyle, T.J., (1994). City of Eros: New York City, prostitution, and the commercialization of sex, 1790-1920. WW Norton Company. Gordon, J. B., Kuehner, K. (1999). Fiction: the elements of the short story. National Textbook Company. Gu, Y. (2017). Introduction: Several Aspects of Current Short Story CriticismInfluence, Gender and Genre. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 10(1), 1-3. Hanson, C. (2015). Postscript: British Womens Short Story Writing. British Women Short Story Writers, 193. Harris, T. (2017). The power of the short story. Access, 31(1), 4. McManus, E.J., (2001). A history of Negro slavery in New York. Syracuse University Press. March-Russell, P., (2016). Writing and Publishing the Short Story. Oliver, M. L., Shapiro, T. M. (2006). Black wealth, white wealth: A new perspective on racial inequality. Taylor Francis. Pratt, M. L. (1981). The short story: The long and the short of it. Poetics, 10(2-3), 175-194. Shaw, V. (2014). The short story: a critical introduction. Routledge. Soderlund, G., (2002). Covering urban vice: the New York Times," white slavery," and the construction of journalistic knowledge. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 19(4), pp.438-460. Streeby, S., (2002). American sensations: class, empire, and the production of popular culture (Vol. 9). Univ of California Press. White, S., (2012). Somewhat More Independent: The End of Slavery in New York City, 1770-1810. University of Georgia Press. Young, E. (2015). British Women Short Story Writers. Edinburgh University Press.

The Roots Of Human Nature Are Sunk Deep Into Our History And Experienc

The roots of human nature are sunk deep into our history and experiences. When in our own lives we are to find the basis of our human nature, we must look to our early years, the formative years. Now take for example if we placed a newborn in the wild or in a high-class, well-mannered, wealthy family. The human nature of the newborn in the wild will be exactly that, wild and chaotic. While on the other hand the newborn in the well-mannered society will be well mannered and moralistic. Human nature is defined by the values that are taught and the values that society defines, if there are no societal values, human nature is doomed and lessened to that of wolves. Society defines the values and morals for its people to live by, common values. These values affect human nature and affect the way an even slightly self-conscious person behaves. An example of one of these societal values is table manners. Society has defined over hundreds of years of history to eat accompanied by utensils. Society also has set the value and that eating with your bare hands is "un-civilized." Another example of a moralistic standard is not to steal. This value is taught by our parents and members of the society, the human society. So human nature has a conscience because of social morals and values. The formation and situation of human nature is dependent on these "guidelines." Some people's human nature may be to steal, maybe to survive but most humans have this as a wrong. Most people have developed a "database" of right and wrong. Although without society or modern civilization, human nature is reduced to a mind-frame of "everyone for themselves" and to basically survive. Without civilization Human nature is the same as the instinctual behavior of any human, eat drink, and sleep. Human nature is what separates humans from monkeys. Human nature as a balance of good and evil, humans can use their brain power for good or evil. Some aspects of human nature I encounter are events such as to decide between right and wrong, cause and effect. Human nature forms its basis of teachings at an early age. If you and I are taught good and right early on then our nature will be more knowledgeable and perhaps better. General human nature is different than individual but not by much. Generally, humans are a species that thrive to better their own lives and if possible others lives also. Human Nature also inhibits the qualities of greed, ambition, pride etc. The job of humans is to conform, to an extent, to society and its standards and values. Humans control or do not present these negative or positive aspects. Individually speaking, some people are more greedy than o thers, some more kind. Even though human nature includes many different aspects, most civilized humans, their nature is to an extent abide by widely accepted moral values. On simple value would be to live and let live, and if possible help. A societal value I am faced with everyday is to be kind and generous or at least to be polite to other fellow human beings. We can think of human nature to follow a kind of moral code such as many religions encourage. Encompassing all, human nature is not the pursuit of humanitarianism but the pursuit of once again, control or present certain qualities of one's characteristics and do this within the guidelines of society or on a larger scale humanity. Human nature is defined by the values that are taught and the values that society defines, if there are no societal values, humans are no different than animals in the wild. Human nature has aspects including love, greed, and ambition which dogs do not. But at the crux, humans do attempt, basically, to survive. Human nature is very complex in the task of approximating individual traits but when speaking of humanity all together its nature is different than animals in that we use our unique characteristics. Humans have wants and desires and also are capable of helping others in need.

Tips on Writing an Admissions Essay Sample

Tips on Writing an Admissions Essay SampleAn opportunity that is new to many college students is the idea of a writing sample that comes with the admissions process for admission to a UC school. This is good news, if you're a high school student who is interested in applying to an elite college, but, it is also important to know how to go about getting your UC essay sample.College applicants are required to submit a sample of high school work to the admissions office in order to be considered for admission. Many schools will have a place for the student to send in their essay, and other places may not. It is best to get this stuff in early, since your admission deadline is in mid-December and it gets harder to apply as the semester goes on. You can expect your work to be reviewed as you are applying.The admission officer will have the final say on what they accept and what they do not accept. They will want to see that you have an academic background and that you can write well, but they should have no problem accepting the work if you are very clear and concise. If they think it could use some editing, it may not be accepted, but there are a number of ways that you can improve the essay.As with the personal statement, writing the college admission essay can give you a better understanding of how admissions staff at various schools view essay topics. Make sure that you give them specific information about the topic, such as your favorite subject, your major, or what type of student you are. This will show that you understand the topics of your essays and that you know what your essay is going to be about. In some cases, the admissions staff will offer some recommendations to help you bring your essay up to par with your profile.Some admissions staff will want to see proof of your writing abilities, such as grammar and spelling checks. If you get this involved in the middle of the process, it can cause a delay, especially if you need a few days or a week to catc h up with the editing. Look for a specific place to send your essays, and then include that in your application. Remember that you can always send them after the deadline has passed.Once you have your college essay written, the only thing left to do is practice and enjoy it. Write often. Every night before bed, take a fresh look at the things you wrote in the previous day. Do this three times a week until you have it polished.Since so much of your college experience is going to be focused on the syllabus, it's a good idea to go back over all of your work a few weeks after the deadline has passed. This way, you will have a chance to review the paper again and make any corrections that you might have missed. It is very likely that if you missed something in the middle of the day, you will find it by the end of the night. Sometimes the only time you will have to change a word or phrase is during the last edit session.Sending in your essay sample is not as easy as it seems, but it does help to know what you can expect and what your admissions staff will do to help you achieve that goal. Being prepared is the first step in getting into an elite college.

Cultural representation in the Media The WritePass Journal

Cultural representation in the Media Abstract Cultural representation in the Media ).   Utilizing this media access allows for a wide range of critical national and societal initiatives to be widely disseminated among the relevant populations. The mass media play an important role in mediating between politicians and the general  public (Venuti 2012)).   Ã‚  This point illustrates that a main channel for political information to reach the intended target is from a form of modern media.   The ability to read, view or listen to a report of the topic is commonly preferred to attending the actual event itself (Schaffner, 2008).   The ability to compact information in a manner that can be quickly and easily digested by the consumer is a demonstration of the innate value of any form of media. However, the quality of the media content varies due to the translator, producer and consumer expectations relevant to that particular outlet (Schaffner, 2008). Both culture and media thrive on an inclusive relationship with the population (Zlatar, 2003). The underlying value that exists in the media outlet lies in their ability to reach the populace.   The lack of a product that appeals to a large section of the target population lowers the value of the media outlet.   Due to the increased drive to integrate on a global level cultural values and differences are increasingly visible and have the potential to impact every aspect of any media operation (Zlater, 2003).   Language is the primary method that the media outlets reach their target audience, making the role of translator essential to their form of reporting (Zlater, 2003). News outlets and the process of interviewing people depend on the selection of translator and linguistic competence and preferences (Cecilia, 2009). When broadcasters speak foreign languages translation and interpretation are both crucial, and culturally influenced in the process of conveying the message (Zla ter, 2003). The responsibility for correct translation and dissemination is entirely dependent on the knowledge, ideology and integrity of the media outlet. The UK media outlet the Daily Telegraph and The Independent in 2004, have each provided two culturally varied translations of the same context. Varied approaches to the same account in the media are an illustration of cultural representation and societal values as understood by the individual organizations (Schaffner, 2008).   This is the very concept that creates the perception of differing media reports regarding the same series of events. Modern cultural representation in the Media â€Å"The media has, in fact, been called the fourth estate† (Schaffner and Bassnet, 2010).   The speed in which a message has the ability to reach as wide an audience as possible determines the values of the media outlet (Schffner and Bassnett, 2010). As the world wide culture has embraced innovation, technology has vastly increased the ability of the various forms of media to express their product. The accuracy and strategies of the translation are important in every case, whether it is in print, on screen or online with the media’s ideological and political leanings reflected in their product (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010). Yet, taking account the political background of the resource and the media itself, there are cultural factors behind the translation and dissemination of information (Bielsa, 2007).   While translation is nearly invisible in the media reports this does not mean there is cultural impartiality in the process of translation. Modern studies of media and their associated translation of material have grown significantly due to the role this mechanism serves in bridging gaps between cultures (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010).   Media enables communication across languages as well as the capacity to promote independent populations mutual understanding.   The relation between media and translation occurs in a wide range of contexts such as the press, TV or the internet (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010). Translation in every individual culture is a critical element in the media dissemination process that involves the direct interaction and understanding between cultures. News agencies commonly employ translation and select translators without knowing his or her ideological background (Magder, 2004). The quality of the translation in reporting news need to be taken into account by the news agency and the media due to the potential obstacles that can be created (Magder, 2004). Analysis: The media is argued to be viewed through a cultural perception (Bassnet, 2004). Each news item presented by the mass media, in any form, is only their unique representation and interpretation of the event, not necessarily the full or complete picture. Each person, reporter or journalist will experience the event in their own manner, producing their work according to their innate understanding (Bassnet, 2004). Utilizing the spoken word, literature and cultural instruments this unintentionally biased information is passed on to the consumer through the news outlet. The journalists and those who work to gather the information and eventually produce news are professional, yet, each person and organization is subject to their own ethical and value standards based on their cultural heritage (Bassnet, 2004).   A priority must be placed on clear translation in the production of international news. This is an indication of importance for not only the translation functions, but also transfer ring the news across linguistic and cultural boundaries (Bassnet, 2004). In order to assess this concept this study will take the two examples of the translated excerpt from the trial of the former dictator of the Iraqi regime, Saddam Hussein.   These passages have been translated, edited and then published in the Daily Telegraph as well as the Independent in 2004. Translation plays a fundamental role in the transfer of news around the world and at the same time different definitions of the translation are being used by both layperson and experts (Bassnet, 2004). This is a demonstration that items from one language cannot easily being replaced into another. The translator is transferring the meaning between languages, and cultural clarity is not always present as this process unfolds (Bassnet, 2004). The news reporter often includes non-practical parts or culturally biased elements of a story during the process of translation in order to meet the expectations of the consumers. The often varied and often diverse opinions present in the mass media indicat e a need for universal ethics standards. The first edited transcript of the first court of the dictator Saddam Hussein which is published in the Independent: The Independent, 2 July 2004: The judge opened proceedings by asking Saddam for his name. Saddam. Hussein Majid, the president of the Republic of Iraq. The judge then asks his date of birth. Saddam: 1937 Judge: Profession? Former president of the Republic of Iraq? Saddam: No, present. Current. It’s the will of the people. Judge: The head of the Baath party that is dissolved, defunct. Former commander and chief of the army.   Residence is Iraq. Your mother’s name? Saddam: Sobha, you also have to introduce yourself to me. Judge: Mr Saddam, I am the investigative judge of the central court of Iraq. Saddam: So that I have to know, you are investigative judge of the central court of Iraq? What resolution, what law formed this court? The judge’s response could not be heard. The Daily Telegraph, 2 July 2004: Judge: Are you the former president of Iraq? Saddam: I am Saddam Hussein, president of Iraq. Judge: (to court clerk): put down â€Å"former† in brackets. Saddam: I am the president of the republic so you should not stripe me of my title to put me on trial. Judge: You are the ex-leader of Iraq and the ex-leader of the dissolved armed forces. Were you the leader of the Ba’ath party and head of the armed forces? Saddam: Yes. I’ve introduced myself to you but you haven’t introduced yourself to me. So who are you. Judge: I am a judge of the criminal court of Iraq. Saddam: So you repress Iraqis under the orders of the coalition Do you represent the American coalition? Reading both edited transcriptions that had been published in in the competing British newspapers in 2004 prodcued several interesting questions. To what extent do these printed versions differ? What cultural factors play a role in this difference? Why are they different in terms of information and the structure of the question?   The first version, which is published in the Independent, says that the judge’s response could not be heard, while in the second version the judge is clearly heard giving instruction to the court clerk. This attention or lack of attention to detail is an indication of cultural awareness (Bassnet, 2004).   After the event was over, the translator’s text was compared to the official transcript which illustrated that information was missing and that this text did not contain every element of the conversation. Bassnett (2004) states that during the hearings and sessions the translators are busy producing their own versions. This is an indicati on that media outlets are heavily dependent on the transcripts of the translator.   This point of influence on the part of the translator is very important, as each cultural interpretation depends on the message (Bassnett 2004). Further in the event the judge asks for his mother’s name, but in the Daily Telegraph this point is not mentioned.   How far we should trust the translators and the subsequent reporting by the media? This process of questionable translation is common in a country similar to Iraq which contains different religions and political backgrounds (Bassnett 2004). The ability to find a quality person to fill the role of translator is difficult due to the cultural affiliation to inherent differences in the views of their associated political parties. Another notable difference between both versions, and cultural approaches, is that the person in the first version is a powerful judge that refers to Saddam’s role as a former chief of the army, while in the second version the same concept is approached as a form of a question.   This is a clear demonstration of cultural separation due to the interpretation of the event by the separate media outlets (Bassnett 2004). Each news agency has different policies, conventions and styles in their production of news which highlight these differences. Within every individual organization will be an understanding that is based on information passed between cultures (Bassnett, 2004). The cultural differences become more visible as we read, with more transcripts available in Appendix A. According to the Independent, Saddam refused to sign the documents and both he and the judge were quarrelling about that. The Daily Telegraph reported this same set fo occurences differently. This is direct cultural reflection of the mood the readers expected to see and the willingness of the outlet to accomodate this (Bassnett, 2004).   The Independent approached this in a more adversarial nature, while the Daily Telegraph sought to portray Saddam has more approachable. Moreover, Saddam’s remark in his final comment with the guards that was not recorded in the Independent version is a further indication of the cultural dissemination of information based on the demands of the readers (Bassnett, 2004). The remark in the Telegraph enabled a sense of pity to be communicated culturally, while the absence of this element in the Independent eliminated this. Discussion Despite the fact that we have two different English translations of a transcript in a court session that took place in Arabic, different edited and translation processes have taken place based on the cultural ideologies (Bassnett, 2004). The strategies of the translation that were used for the Independent are more likely to be culturally foreign to the UK as well as much more complex. Due to the nature of the associated readership, this outlet documents the many challenges that Saddam made to the judges, detailing the adversarial nature of the proceedings.   Conversely, the culture associated with the Daily Telegraph expects another variety of reporting, a kinder and wider approach to the story. The version of the same set of events in the Daily Telegraph is shorter and domesticated, a hallmark of the method in which the populace absorbs information (Bassnett, 2004). Saddam in this version does not appear as a former dictator but like a simple man who addresses the judge through his answers and attitudes. Saddam uses (would) which is a question word that often begins a lot of questions and ask for something.   This is a direct representation of the cultural influence present in the writing; the underlying effort is to portray Saddam as demonstrating a gentle quality in the courtroom by saying â€Å"I am not interfering with your responsibilities†. This is a form of outreach that is directly related to the cultural need to empathize with Saddam (Bassnett, 2004). The role played by the translation of material in international news provides the link between politics and the media in both cultures (Bassnett, 2004). The elements revealed by the media outlets will be utilized to galvanize the populace in one form or fashion, thereby driving the governmental approach. Media reports about political events are always forms of re-contextualisation, and any re-contextualisation involves transformation and translation (Schffner and Bassnett, 2010). Each of the separate cultures will have a unique interpretation of these elements. Cultural difference commonly occurs when a text is shifted for obscure political purposes or the translator attempts to skew the meaning in a way to serve the affiliated party. This form of cultural bias by the translator may have a great impact in the transfer of the meaning and the gist of the discourse and the message, thereby creating substantial obstacles (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010). Each of the media outlets as well as the underling cultures approaches the aspects of reporting and journalists’ ethics as an intensive research need (Schaffner and Bassnett. 2010). Subjectivity and loyalty to the source text and ethics has a direct impact on the quality of media products, yet the quantity of each component rests in the values of the culture. This fact reflects the desire for the news agency and media outlet   to maintain cultural and national credibility at every level (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010).   This is achieved through the accurate portrayal of world events through the lens of the associated cultural expectations. The international community depends on the media in terms of gaining information about the political state and cultural values and all socio-cultural norms (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010). Yet, every story must be interpreted utilizing the known population variables that lie behind each writer. In countries where governments interfere with the freedom of the press and sometimes the lack of freedom of expression occur, the media cannot broadcast and work independently (Poyatos, 1997). The culture of a nation will be familiar with the limits, thereby creating an unspoken form of boundaries. This regulatory environment can become another impediment to the accuracy of the translation (Poyatos, 1997). As news about a country is published in various newspapers some adjustments and reshaping is done due to the oversight environment, culture and ideology. A possible solution for this condition would be to create an environment in which no government should intervene into the media affairs and media should be totally independent (Poyatos, 1997).  However, the values of the writers, publishers and readers will have to be taken in to continuous consideration. Public relations professionals help to shape news content in national and local news media, based on the values of the consumers (Fletcher 2006; Franklin 1997). Due to the changes in political situations and relations between countries the news content might not be addressed exactly in every case, as illustrated by the Telegraph and Independent study. This is a reflection of the cultural constraints that must be taken into account for each individual nation in order to continually meet each unique regional need (Franklin, 1997).   Freedom of the press does not mean the independence of any media channel; governments and the population are responsible for laying the foundation for a fruitful relationship between media the freedom of expression. In Conclusion Translation plays a fundamental role in the transfer of different types of news around the world. The veracity of the translation and truthfulness of the translator are matters of primary concern. The societal values and cultural differences of the authors, editors and organization are exposed with every article or broadcast. From the perspective of translation studies this lack of cohesiveness is an issue and has the potential to have substantial ramifications both politically and culturally. The relationship between culture and media is one of inclusion, very much related to each other. In addition, media confers the capacity to reach a large audience in a manner that is efficient and effective. Mass media has, and will continue to have an impact on every person in each nation in the form of Internet, printing papers, Televisions and radios. The information and news passing between different cultures via the media are reshaped, reinterpreted and then republished. Therefore, transforming media representations entails a new way of thinking about media practice. Media as a communication tool should be situated as institutions that allow for cultural development and the protection of cultural diversity. Further, mass media institutions need to be aware every aspect of the cultural contraints and expectations of the underlying society. Yet, in the end, as in all things, it lies with the reader, viewer or person subject to the media report to judge independantly the veracity of the opinion.   Rà ©fà ©rences Bassnett, S. (2004). â€Å"Trusting reporters†: What exactly did Saddam say? The Linguist, 43(6).176-178. Bielsa, E. (2007). â€Å"Translation in global news agencies†. Target 19(1). 135–155. Wadensjà ¶ , C ‎ (2009). â€Å"Clinton’s Laughter: On Translation and Communication in TV News†. CTIS Occasional papers (Maltby. Ed.) Vole 4 Fletcher, K. (2006). â€Å"A Fine Line between Journalism and PR in Media† Franklin, B. (1997). â€Å"Newszak and News Media†. London Magder, T. (2004). â€Å"Transnational media, intercultural trade and the idea of cultural diversity†. Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, 18 (3), 380–397. Poyatos, F. (1997).  Nonverbal communication and translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Schffner, C. (2008). ‘The Prime Minister said ’: Voices in translated political texts†. In: SYNAPS Fagsprà ¥k, Kommunikasjon, Kulturkunnskap 22/2008 (University Bergen), pp. 3-25. Schffner, C. and Bassnett, S. (2010). â€Å"Political Discourse, Media and Translation† Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Venuti, L. (2012).  The Translators Invisibility. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Zlatar, A. (2003). â€Å"The role of the media as an instrument of cultural policy, an inter-level facilitator and image promoter†: Amsterdam ECUMEST Association, Bucharest.

Individual reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual reflection - Essay Example d three members and every member focused on their own part; I thought group presentations involved teamwork, where all the members discussed the whole assignment together. My part involved the critical analysis of the key economic, political, socio-cultural, and environmental factors influencing the destination of choice. Moreover, I tackled the background of the destination and the identification of the involvement of stakeholders in the planning process. Our group chose North Devon as the destination and analyzed the management plan. I felt enlightened to discover various aspects about North Devon. To begin with, we planned on how we were to meet for every discussion with the group members. At the first meeting, we read the guidance of the presentation requirements. Every member of the group was given their own role to research on. Every member of the group was required to make an outline of what they needed to do. The outline enabled me to be organized on my research from the initial to final stages of presenting the findings. All the members of the group tabled their outline for approval by the rest of the group members. The discussion groups helped me to keep on track with my research findings. We helped each other through sharing of information and the research process. The internet was a good source for me in the research and I shared this with all the group members. In addition, we also found the library books a good source of information, which provided concrete information regarding destination planning in tourism. However, I felt that it was so involving looking for p hysical books, while we could find the information and some of the books online. Moreover, we helped each other with any difficulty that we met in the investigation process. It was a challenge for us to determine the actual design of our PowerPoint presentation, but we had to compromise and assist each other in the determination and drafting of the actual work. This helped us to synthesize

Language Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Language Portfolio - Essay Example This research is scattered across a number of different areas of inquiry and is of varying depth and quantity, ranging from expert opinion and linguistic analyses that is not accessible to practitioners, to a very few descriptive studies of classroom practice. A review of practical situation is needed to determine what the difference between general and academic language is. This difference can be traced when to examine different samples of text written in different style. In order to meet my research objective I will analyze language in both general and professional academic contexts, showing both differences and similarities of the language. These ideas will be incorporated into my own use of language. The main purpose of my study is to analyze language across the 3 genres. These genres include: vocabulary, grammar, style and treatment of evidence. In the course of my research I will compile different kinds of texts. Then I will compare these texts from the point of vocabulary, gra mmar, style and treatment of evidence. Finally, I will relate findings to my own language and will show how it is possible to apply my findings to my own writing. Professional language/General language Vocabulary The main purpose of business report is to inform or analyze rather than to dazzle your reader with exceptional jargon or complexity of your sentences. It means that there is no space for any kind of creative, adjective-filled prose in your report. You task is to put everything that belongs to business report. You can use â€Å"you,† but you should avoid â€Å"I† as well as long sentences or contractions. When choosing vocabulary for your task you should not forget that all that needed is to provide people with objective, non-emotive, and factual language. Consequently, there is no space for loaded words. In Appendix B you will find a sample of business report. The title of this report is Your Strategic Style Distribution. The first thing I would like to pay yo ur attention to is the use of generalizations lie â€Å"most†, â€Å"all† and etc. Academic business report also has its own technical words. When to read through the text in Appendix B, you will find the following specialized words: â€Å"I Opt†, â€Å"The RI†, â€Å"Reactive Stimulators†, â€Å"Hypothetical analyzer†, â€Å"The logical processor† all these words add special meaning to the text. When reading through this text you can get the idea that you are reading through academic research report simply because of language use. Grammar Punctuation is a crucial factor in ensuring that what you can reach your reader. Grammar should be the main focus of your assignment. Proper grammar use can help to make things clear and straightforward. It is strongly advised to avoid too long sentences. Instead you have to break your text into smaller units. Returning to appendix B you will see that the text does not contain long sentences. Instea d, all sentences are relatively short and clear. In order to understand my point, simply read the passage below: â€Å"In the â€Å"I Opt† survey measures the amount and kind of information a person considers before responding to new ideas, issues, goal/or processes. By understanding our strategic style(s) we are better equipped to increase our personal productivity and interactions with co-workers, family and friends. The following sections describe some of the ways this knowledge might be used for your benefit. (Smith, F . ,1983) Style Having dealt with